History of Dhaka. Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, has a rich and varied history that spans centuries. Known for its vibrant culture, bustling streets, and historical landmarks, Dhaka has played a pivotal role in the political, economic, and cultural development of the region. This article delves into the history of Dhaka, tracing its origins, major historical events, and its transformation into the thriving metropolis it is today.
Table of Contents
History of Dhaka: A Journey Through Time
Early History
Ancient Period
The origins of Dhaka can be traced back to the 7th century when it was a part of the ancient kingdom of Bengal. The region, known as Bikrampur, was a significant center of Buddhist culture and learning. Archaeological findings suggest that Dhaka was inhabited during the Maurya and Gupta periods, indicating its long-standing historical significance.
Medieval Period
During the 13th century, the region came under the control of the Turkish and Afghan rulers, who established the Bengal Sultanate. Dhaka emerged as a prominent administrative and commercial center during this time. The area was known for its thriving trade in muslin, a fine cotton fabric that was highly prized across the world.
Mughal Era
Establishment as a Provincial Capital
The Mughal period marked a turning point in the history of Dhaka. In 1608, the Mughal Subahdar (provincial governor) Islam Khan Chishti made Dhaka the capital of Bengal, renaming it Jahangir Nagar in honor of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The city rapidly grew in importance as the administrative and commercial hub of the province.
Economic Prosperity
Under the Mughals, Dhaka flourished economically. It became renowned for its muslin industry, with Dhaka muslin becoming a luxury item in Europe and other parts of the world. The city’s strategic location on the banks of the Buriganga River facilitated trade and commerce, attracting merchants from across Asia and Europe.
Architectural Developments
The Mughal period also saw significant architectural developments in Dhaka. Many of the city’s iconic structures, such as Lalbagh Fort, the Bara Katra, and the Chhota Katra, were constructed during this time. These buildings, with their intricate designs and grandeur, reflect the architectural brilliance of the Mughal era.
British Colonial Period
Transition to British Rule
In the mid-18th century, the British East India Company gained control over Bengal after defeating the Nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Dhaka, like the rest of Bengal, came under British rule. The city experienced a period of decline as the focus of administration shifted to Calcutta (now Kolkata).
Economic Changes
The British colonial period brought significant economic changes to Dhaka. The traditional muslin industry suffered due to the influx of British manufactured goods. However, Dhaka remained an important trading center, with jute becoming a major export commodity in the 19th century. The city also saw the establishment of educational institutions, including the famous Dhaka College in 1841.
20th Century and the Road to Independence
Early 20th Century
The early 20th century was a period of political and social change in Dhaka. The city became a center of political activism and nationalist movements. The partition of Bengal in 1905, which separated Dhaka from Calcutta, was a significant event that sparked widespread protests and eventually led to the reunification of Bengal in 1911.
Post-Partition Period
In 1947, the Indian subcontinent gained independence from British rule, leading to the creation of two separate states: India and Pakistan. Dhaka became the capital of East Pakistan, one of the two wings of Pakistan. The period following partition was marked by political instability and economic challenges.
Language Movement
One of the most significant events in the history of Dhaka during this period was the Language Movement of 1952. The people of East Pakistan, with Dhaka at the forefront, protested against the imposition of Urdu as the sole national language. The movement culminated in the deaths of several protesters on February 21, 1952, a day now commemorated as International Mother Language Day.
Independence and Modern Dhaka
Liberation War of 1971
The struggle for autonomy and self-determination continued, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Dhaka played a crucial role in the war, serving as the epicenter of political and military activities. On December 16, 1971, Dhaka witnessed the surrender of Pakistani forces, marking the birth of Bangladesh as an independent nation.
Post-Independence Developments
Since independence, Dhaka has transformed into a bustling metropolis and the political, economic, and cultural heart of Bangladesh. The city has seen rapid urbanization, with significant developments in infrastructure, education, and industry. Despite facing challenges such as overpopulation and traffic congestion, Dhaka continues to thrive as a dynamic and vibrant city.
Cultural Heritage
Dhaka’s rich cultural heritage is evident in its festivals, cuisine, and traditions. The city is known for its diverse cultural expressions, from traditional music and dance to modern art and theater. Festivals like Pohela Boishakh (Bengali New Year) and Durga Puja are celebrated with great enthusiasm, reflecting the city’s cultural diversity.
The history of Dhaka is a testament to its resilience and enduring significance. From its early days as a center of trade and culture to its role in the struggle for independence and its growth as a modern metropolis, Dhaka’s journey is a reflection of the broader historical developments in the region. Today, Dhaka stands as a symbol of Bangladesh’s rich history, vibrant culture, and promising future.
See more: